Security IntegrationCommunityScripts: yesExternal requests: yesTelemetry: no

IoT HackBot

IoT pentesting skills and custom tooling for hybrid hardware security testing

BrownFineSecurityAdded Jan 7, 2026

Catalog skill by BrownFineSecurity: IoT pentesting skills and custom tooling for hybrid hardware security testing Install into Cursor, Claude, Codex, or VS Code from this page or review the source for IoT HackBot.

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Installation

git clone https://github.com/BrownFineSecurity/iothackbot ~/.claude/skills/iothackbot

Install guides: Cursor skills, Claude Code skills, Codex skills, or VS Code Copilot skills.

Skill body

Apktool - Android APK Unpacking and Resource Extraction

You are helping the user reverse engineer Android APK files using apktool for security analysis, vulnerability discovery, and understanding app internals.

Tool Overview

Apktool is a tool for reverse engineering Android APK files. It can decode resources to nearly original form and rebuild them after modifications. It's essential for:

Extracting readable AndroidManifest.xml
Decoding resources (XML layouts, strings, images)
Disassembling DEX to smali code
Analyzing app structure and permissions
Repackaging modified APKs

Prerequisites

apktool must be installed on the system
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) required
Sufficient disk space (unpacked APK is typically 2-5x original size)
Write permissions in output directory

Instructions

1. Basic APK Unpacking (Most Common)

When the user asks to unpack, decode, or analyze an APK:

Standard decode command:

apktool d <apk-file> -o <output-directory>

Example:

apktool d app.apk -o app-unpacked

With force overwrite (if directory exists):

apktool d app.apk -o app-unpacked -f

2. Understanding Output Structure

After unpacking, the output directory contains:

app-unpacked/
├── AndroidManifest.xml          # Readable manifest (permissions, components)
├── apktool.yml                  # Apktool metadata (version info, SDK levels)
├── original/                    # Original META-INF certificates
│   └── META-INF/
├── res/                         # Decoded resources
│   ├── layout/                  # XML layouts
│   ├── values/                  # Strings, colors, dimensions
│   ├── drawable/                # Images and drawables
│   └── ...
├── smali/                       # Disassembled DEX code (smali format)
│   └── com/company/app/        # Package structure
├── assets/                      # App assets (if present)
├── lib/                         # Native libraries (if present)
│   ├── arm64-v8a/
│   ├── armeabi-v7a/
│   └── ...
└── unknown/                     # Files apktool couldn't classify

3. Selective Decoding (Performance Optimization)

Skip resources (code analysis only):

apktool d app.apk -o app-code-only -r
# or
apktool d app.apk -o app-code-only --no-res

Faster processing
Only extracts smali code and manifest
Use when you only need to analyze code logic

Skip source code (resource analysis only):

apktool d app.apk -o app-resources-only -s
# or
apktool d app.apk -o app-resources-only --no-src

Faster processing
Only extracts resources and manifest
Use when you only need resources, strings, layouts

4. Common Analysis Tasks

A. Examining AndroidManifest.xml

The manifest reveals critical security information:

# After unpacking
cat app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

Look for:

Permissions: What device features/data the app accesses
Exported components: Activities, services, receivers accessible from other apps
Intent filters: How the app responds to system/app intents
Backup settings: android:allowBackup="true" (security risk)
Debuggable flag: android:debuggable="true" (major security issue)
Network security config: Custom certificate pinning, cleartext traffic
Min/Target SDK versions: Outdated versions may have vulnerabilities

Example analysis commands:

# Find all permissions
grep "uses-permission" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

# Find exported components
grep "exported=\"true\"" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

# Check if debuggable
grep "debuggable" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

# Find all activities
grep "android:name.*Activity" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

B. Extracting Strings and Resources

# View all string resources
cat app-unpacked/res/values/strings.xml

# Search for API keys, URLs, credentials
grep -r "api" app-unpacked/res/values/
grep -r "http" app-unpacked/res/values/
grep -r "password\|secret\|key\|token" app-unpacked/res/values/

# Find hardcoded URLs in resources
grep -rE "https?://" app-unpacked/res/

C. Analyzing Smali Code

Smali is the disassembled Dalvik bytecode format:

# Find specific class
find app-unpacked/smali -name "*Login*.smali"
find app-unpacked/smali -name "*Auth*.smali"

# Search for security-relevant code
grep -r "crypto\|encrypt\|decrypt" app-unpacked/smali/
grep -r "http\|https\|url" app-unpacked/smali/
grep -r "password\|credential\|token" app-unpacked/smali/

# Find native library usage
grep -r "System.loadLibrary" app-unpacked/smali/

# Find file operations
grep -r "openFileOutput\|openFileInput" app-unpacked/smali/

Note: Smali is harder to read than Java source. Consider using jadx for Java decompilation for easier analysis.

D. Examining Native Libraries

# List native libraries
ls -lah app-unpacked/lib/

# Check architectures supported
ls app-unpacked/lib/

# Identify library types
file app-unpacked/lib/arm64-v8a/*.so

# Search for interesting strings in libraries
strings app-unpacked/lib/arm64-v8a/libnative.so | grep -i "http\|key\|password"

5. Repackaging APK (Build)

After modifying resources or smali code:

apktool b app-unpacked -o app-modified.apk

Important: Rebuilt APKs must be signed before installation:

# Generate keystore (one-time setup)
keytool -genkey -v -keystore my-release-key.jks -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000 -alias my-key-alias

# Sign APK
jarsigner -verbose -keystore my-release-key.jks app-modified.apk my-key-alias

# Verify signature
jarsigner -verify app-modified.apk

# Zipalign (optimization)
zipalign -v 4 app-modified.apk app-modified-aligned.apk

6. Framework Management

For system apps or apps dependent on device manufacturer frameworks:

# Install framework
apktool if framework-res.apk

# List installed frameworks
apktool list-frameworks

# Decode with specific framework
apktool d -t <tag> app.apk

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Security Analysis

# 1. Unpack APK
apktool d target.apk -o target-unpacked

# 2. Examine manifest for security issues
cat target-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

# 3. Search for hardcoded credentials
grep -r "password\|api_key\|secret\|token" target-unpacked/res/

# 4. Check for debuggable flag
grep "debuggable" target-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

# 5. Find exported components
grep "exported=\"true\"" target-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml

# 6. Examine network security config
cat target-unpacked/res/xml/network_security_config.xml 2>/dev/null

Workflow 2: IoT App Analysis

For IoT companion apps, find device communication details:

# 1. Unpack APK
apktool d iot-app.apk -o iot-app-unpacked

# 2. Search for device endpoints
grep -rE "https?://[^\"']+" iot-app-unpacked/res/ | grep -v "google\|android"

# 3. Find API keys
grep -r "api\|key" iot-app-unpacked/res/values/strings.xml

# 4. Locate device communication code
find iot-app-unpacked/smali -name "*Device*.smali"
find iot-app-unpacked/smali -name "*Network*.smali"
find iot-app-unpacked/smali -name "*Api*.smali"

# 5. Check for certificate pinning
grep -r "certificatePinner\|TrustManager" iot-app-unpacked/smali/

Workflow 3: Resource Extraction Only

# Fast resource-only extraction
apktool d app.apk -o app-resources -s

# Extract app icon
cp app-resources/res/mipmap-xxxhdpi/ic_launcher.png ./

# Extract strings for localization
cat app-resources/res/values*/strings.xml

# Extract layouts for UI analysis
ls app-resources/res/layout/

Workflow 4: Quick Code Check (No Resources)

# Fast code-only extraction
apktool d app.apk -o app-code -r

# Analyze smali quickly
grep -r "http" app-code/smali/ | head -20
grep -r "password" app-code/smali/

Output Formats

Apktool doesn't have built-in output format options, but you can structure your analysis:

For human-readable reports:

# Generate analysis report
{
  echo "=== APK Analysis Report ==="
  echo "APK: app.apk"
  echo "Date: $(date)"
  echo ""
  echo "=== Permissions ==="
  grep "uses-permission" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml
  echo ""
  echo "=== Exported Components ==="
  grep "exported=\"true\"" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml
  echo ""
  echo "=== Package Info ==="
  grep "package=" app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml
} > apk-analysis-report.txt

Integration with IoTHackBot Tools

Apktool works well with other analysis workflows:

APK → Network Analysis:
- Extract API endpoints from resources
- Use extracted URLs with curl/wget for testing
- Feed endpoints to network testing tools
APK → Credential Discovery:
- Find hardcoded credentials in resources
- Test credentials against IoT devices
- Use with onvifscan or other device testing tools
APK → Code Analysis:
- Extract smali code with apktool
- Decompile to Java with jadx for easier reading
- Cross-reference findings between both tools

Best Practices

1. Always Examine the Manifest First

apktool d app.apk -o app-unpacked
cat app-unpacked/AndroidManifest.xml | less

The manifest provides the roadmap for further analysis.

2. Use Selective Decoding for Speed

Code only: -r flag
Resources only: -s flag
Full decode: No flags (default)

3. Search Systematically

# Create analysis script
cat > analyze.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
APK_DIR="$1"
echo "[+] Searching for URLs..."
grep -rE "https?://" "$APK_DIR/res/" | grep -v "schema\|google\|android"
echo "[+] Searching for API keys..."
grep -ri "api.*key\|apikey" "$APK_DIR/res/"
echo "[+] Searching for secrets..."
grep -ri "secret\|password\|credential" "$APK_DIR/res/"
EOF
chmod +x analyze.sh
./analyze.sh app-unpacked

4. Document Your Findings

Keep notes on:

APK package name and version
Interesting permissions
Hardcoded credentials/URLs
Exported components
Security misconfigurations

5. Combine with Jadx

Use both tools together:

Apktool: For resources, manifest, and detailed smali
Jadx: For readable Java source code

Troubleshooting

Problem: "brut.directory.DirectoryException: Framework"

Solution: Install framework resources:

apktool if <framework-res.apk>

Problem: Decoding fails with resource errors

Solution: Use --keep-broken-res flag:

apktool d app.apk -o output --keep-broken-res

Problem: "Input file was not found or was not readable"

Solution: Check file path and permissions:

ls -l app.apk
file app.apk  # Should show "Zip archive data"

Problem: Out of memory error

Solution: Increase Java heap size:

export _JAVA_OPTIONS="-Xmx2048m"
apktool d large-app.apk

Problem: Build fails after modifications

Solution: Validate your smali/XML syntax:

# Check for syntax errors
apktool b app-unpacked -o test.apk --use-aapt2

Problem: APK won't install after repackaging

Solution: Sign the APK:

jarsigner -verbose -keystore debug.keystore rebuilt.apk androiddebugkey

Important Notes

Apktool requires Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
Decoded APKs are typically 2-5x larger than original
Smali code is more verbose than Java source (use jadx for Java)
Always work on copies of APK files, never originals
Repackaging requires signing before installation
Some obfuscated apps may have unreadable class/method names
System apps may require framework installation

Security and Ethics

IMPORTANT: Only analyze APKs you own or have permission to analyze.

Respect intellectual property and licensing
Follow responsible disclosure for vulnerabilities
Don't distribute modified APKs without authorization
Be aware of terms of service and EULAs
Use for authorized security testing and research only

Success Criteria

A successful apktool analysis includes:

APK successfully decoded without errors
AndroidManifest.xml is readable and analyzed
Resources extracted and searchable
Smali code available for inspection
Security-relevant findings documented
Output organized in clear directory structure
Any modifications can be repackaged if needed

Quick Reference

# Decode (unpack)
apktool d <apk> -o <output-dir>

# Decode with force overwrite
apktool d <apk> -o <output-dir> -f

# Decode without resources (faster)
apktool d <apk> -o <output-dir> -r

# Decode without source (faster)
apktool d <apk> -o <output-dir> -s

# Build (repack)
apktool b <unpacked-dir> -o <output-apk>

# Install framework
apktool if <framework.apk>

# Empty framework cache
apktool empty-framework-dir

Installation

Skill body

Apktool - Android APK Unpacking and Resource Extraction

Tool Overview

Prerequisites

Instructions

1. Basic APK Unpacking (Most Common)

2. Understanding Output Structure

3. Selective Decoding (Performance Optimization)

4. Common Analysis Tasks

A. Examining AndroidManifest.xml

B. Extracting Strings and Resources

C. Analyzing Smali Code

D. Examining Native Libraries

5. Repackaging APK (Build)

6. Framework Management

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Security Analysis

Workflow 2: IoT App Analysis

Workflow 3: Resource Extraction Only

Workflow 4: Quick Code Check (No Resources)

Output Formats

Integration with IoTHackBot Tools

Best Practices

1. Always Examine the Manifest First

2. Use Selective Decoding for Speed

3. Search Systematically

4. Document Your Findings

5. Combine with Jadx

Troubleshooting

Problem: "brut.directory.DirectoryException: Framework"

Problem: Decoding fails with resource errors

Problem: "Input file was not found or was not readable"

Problem: Out of memory error

Problem: Build fails after modifications

Problem: APK won't install after repackaging

Important Notes

Security and Ethics

Success Criteria

Quick Reference

Related skills

Skill body

Skill body

Apktool - Android APK Unpacking and Resource Extraction

Tool Overview

Prerequisites

Instructions

1. Basic APK Unpacking (Most Common)

2. Understanding Output Structure

3. Selective Decoding (Performance Optimization)

4. Common Analysis Tasks

A. Examining AndroidManifest.xml

B. Extracting Strings and Resources

C. Analyzing Smali Code

D. Examining Native Libraries

5. Repackaging APK (Build)

6. Framework Management

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Security Analysis

Workflow 2: IoT App Analysis

Workflow 3: Resource Extraction Only

Workflow 4: Quick Code Check (No Resources)

Output Formats

Integration with IoTHackBot Tools

Best Practices

1. Always Examine the Manifest First

2. Use Selective Decoding for Speed

3. Search Systematically

4. Document Your Findings

5. Combine with Jadx

Troubleshooting

Problem: "brut.directory.DirectoryException: Framework"

Problem: Decoding fails with resource errors

Problem: "Input file was not found or was not readable"

Problem: Out of memory error

Problem: Build fails after modifications

Problem: APK won't install after repackaging

Important Notes

Security and Ethics

Success Criteria